MATERIALS AND METHOD:

This study was conducted on 82 confirmed cases (In all cases a detailed history was obtained and diagnosis confirmed histological) of carcinomas of different sites throughout the body in Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal.

There were nineteen cases of lump in breast, eighteen each of lymph node and enlarged prostate, eight of ulcers, seven of abdominal lumps, six of skin nodules or lumps, four of Goiter and two belong to miscellaneous. The patients were of both sexes and all of age group belonging to both rural and urban area alike. Analysis carried out and interpretation was drawn. Statically analysis was expressed in simple terms of proportion.

Table – I: Age, Gender and Site wise distribution of Cases n=82

S. no	Site and lesion	Age group in years	No. of patients	Male/ Female
1	Lump in the breast	01-20 21-40 41-60 60 and above	02 09 02 04 01 01	F F M F M F
2	Lymph Nodes	01-20 21-40 41-60	03 03 04 04 03 01	M F M F M F
3	Enlarged Prostate	50 and above years	18	M
4	Ulcers	21-40 41-60 60 and above	02 02 04	M M M
5	Abdominal Lump	21-40 41-60	03 03 01	M F M
6	Skin Nodules or Lump	41-60	04 02	M F
7	Goiter	01-20 21-40 41-60	01 01 01 01	F M F M
8	Miscellaneous	60 and above	01 01	M F

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION:

On analysis of the collected data, it has been revealed that out of 19 cases of breast lump as expected 84.12 % were females. All 100.00 % males belong to above 40 years of age in comparison to their 31.25 % female counterparts. More than 50 % females were below 40 years of age. Regarding lymph nodes out of eighteen cases, 55.55 % were males and the remaining 44.44 % females, as far as age was concerned 70.00 % and 87.5 % were male and females respectively (Table-1). As enlarged prostate is the disease of males, hence all 100.00 cases of enlarged prostate were males.

Ulcers -Regarding eight cases of ulcers on analysis, it was noted that all 100.00 cases were males and 50.00 % cases were above 60 years of age and 25.00 % each belongs to 21 to 40 years and 41 to 60 years of age group (Table-1).

Table further revealed that out of seven cases of abdominal lumps were concerned it was observed that 57.14 % were males and 42.85 % females, as far as age wise all 100.00 % females belong to 21 to 40 years of age in comparison to their 75.00 %

Male counterparts and the remaining 25.00%males were of 41 to 60 years of age group (Table-1). Table further showed that out of six cases of skin nodules or lump 66.66 % were males and 33.33 % females as far as age were concerned all 100.00 cases of both male and female were of 41 to 60 years of age.

Goiter – out of four cases under study ,50.00 % each were male and female as far as ,age was concerned all 100.00 % females cases belong to under 50 years of age in comparison to 50.00 each male patients belong to 21to 40 and 41 to 60 years of age group. Table further revealed that out of two cases of miscellaneous category, 50.00 each were of male and female.

As per Million death study (MDS) findings, which were published in the medical journal, Lancet showed that seven out of 10 deaths occur among people who are in the 30-69 years of age group in India while in West cancer deaths mainly occur in the 70-plus age group. More than half of the death is among this age group. In comparison to the West, deaths among Indian men are lower by 40 % and among Indian women by 30 %. The most common cancer in men was oral cancer, followed by stomach and lung cancers. In women, the leading cancer was cervical, breast and stomach. MDS shows significant differences along the rural-urban divide, Dr. Rajesh Dikshit (5). The study further revealed that, it was often felt that cancer is more common among urban people than in rural areas. Dr. Dikshit further added that among Muslim women there was low incidence of cervical cancer, this could be due because of the practice of circumcision among Muslim men, is known to reduce transmission of viruses such as HIV the same principle could work here, though this was not included in study. As per authors of this article one more reason may be, because of Circumcision, the smegma was not deposited on the Glans of penis which is one of the cause of cancer of penis, thus Muslim men has protection against cancer of penis the same reason may be applied in cervical cancer of Muslim women.

According to leading oral cancer surgeon Dr. Kaustubh Patel (6) who has treated 14 proven cases of Human-Papilloma Virus (HPV) related oral cancer in the past two years, globally; oral cancer caused by oral sex is a growing cause of concern. He further added that most common risk factors for contracting oral cancer caused by Human-Papilloma Virus (HPV). In fact, globally doctors are warning men of thinking twice about going down on women, since there is a high chance that she may be infected at some point with HPV which could, years down the line, give throat cancer. Foreign studies have revealed that virgins who have done nothing but open-mouthed kissing have been found to be infected. One study even discovered that kissing might increase your risk of oral infection more than having intercourse. A study conducted by university of Washington found that half of women who had only one sexual partner have infected with the virus after three years of partnership. Condoms are helpful, but HPV can attach to so many different surfaces including base of fingernails that even they are not full proof.

Women with a larger bra size are at greater risk of breast cancer (7), said scientists after genetic study of 16000 women showed that DNA mutations associated with large breast size were also linked to the disease. Researchers say some of these are involved in resulting the female sex hormone estrogen, which can trigger the growth of both breasts and tumors. While research has linked breast density-the amount of non-fat tissue-to an increased risk of cancer, there has been little evidence of a link with breast size before. The link was seen regard less of the women's age, pregnancy, breast feeding history and genetic ancestry

Hugo Destaillats et al (8)at Lawrence Barkely Lab.at California noted that cancer causing agents called tobacco specific nitros-amines (TSNAs) stick to a variety of surfaces, from where they can get in to dust or picked up on the fingers. Children and infants are most likely to pick them up. These observations raise concern about exposure to tobacco smoke residue that has been recently dubbed "third hand smoke". Hugo Destaillats et al (8) further suggested that a good clean up could help in removing these potentially harmful chemicals. They also suggested that other air borne toxins may also found on these surfaces.TSNAs are among the most broadly acting and potent carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The burning of tobacco releases nicotine in the form of vapor that absorbs strongly on the indoor surfaces such as walls, floors, carpets, drapes and furniture's etc. Nicotine can persist on these materials for days, weeks or even months. The nicotine combined with another common compound called Nitrous Acid to form TSNAs.Unevented gas appliances are the main source of Nitrous acid, vehicles engines emit too.

The five leading non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide are cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Chronic respiratory diseases, Diabetes and Mental health conditions like depression, Alzheimer's /dementia and substance abuse disorders. These are the top NCDs in India as well. Judging from trends in the risk factors for NCDs, India' exposure to these conditions is poised to worsen. Tobacco and alcohol use are on the rise. Income growth has promoted a sharp increase in diets rich in fat but deficient in fruits and vegetables. The resulting effect on obesity is magnified by the decline in physical activity that accompanies urbanization. The situation will be further aggravated by population aging, another determinant of NCDs. Currently 8% 0f India's population is over the age of 60, a figure that is projected to reach 19%(323 million people) by 2050. The displacement of infectious disease mortality by NCD mortality is regarded as welcome sign of greater longevity, but India can't make that claim, as one -third of NCD deaths in India involve people under age of 60, compared with one-fifth in China and one-tenth in Britain. Using a macroeconomic growth model, Bloom and Cafiero (9) calculations indicate that these NCDs will cost India Rs.126 trillion from now through 2030.This is a colossal sum by any reasonable measure: it is 1.5 times India's annual aggregate income and almost 35 times India's total annual health spending. Much of the lost brought by (NCDs) can be contained through a judicious blend of technological innovation to generate new knowledge, institutional innovation to promote the efficiency and equity of health provision and public finance and increased funding. This new knowledge will have to be disseminating among all concern including providers and provide by using all available Medias (traditional and modern), Garg Narendra K.et al (2) and Bansal A.K. et al (10), which will help in prevention and early detection of disease, and through improved approaches to treatment and care. By incorporating the gift of modern technology judiciously i.e. audio visual aid etc. community may be motivated and utilization of services can be improved and thus save trillion of rupees of the nation because of man day's lost and expenses incurred on treatment, otherwise million of people are being forced to lead a miserable life each and every year.

The primary aim of Cancer education must be to emphasize the "hope full "aspect of Cancer. It will be use full to make aware the public "danger signals" of cancer and motivate the people to seek early medical examination if they observe any danger signal (WHO -11).

Women on a "life-saver diet" on just two days of the week lower risk of breast cancer by 40% while losing more weight than full time-time dieters. For the remaining five days of the week, they can eat normal, healthy food (Figure-1), recommended researchers at the University Hospital in South Manchester. The diet that the women followed for only two days a week (12):

Figure - I

Breakfast: First tea and banana, or mug of milky coffee Mid-morning: Can of diet cola or cup of tea and plum Lunch: Carrot and coriander soup and 300 ml of milk or salad, glass of juice (unsweetened) and 300 ml of milk Mid-afternoon: glass of juice (unsweetened)or glass of sparkling water and Satsuma (mandarin).

Dinner: Soy sauce and ginger stir-fry with two vegetables and glass of water or vegetable curry with two vegetables, half-pint of milk and cup of tea.

Supper: Pint of milk or warm milk with cinnamon and sweeteners.

We all know that too much salt is bad for Blood pressure and can lead to heart diseases (13). Now a new study confirms it can also causes stomach cancer – leading cancer in states like Jammu and Kashmir, where food dried and picked in salt is a traditional staple. The recommended daily limit for salt is 6 gm, about a level teaspoonful, but the World Cancer Research Fund says people eat 8.6 gm a day, because it's added to a lot of readymade foods. Some food labels list the sodium content of the amount of salt, which is component of salt. To work out how much salt a food contains, multiply the sodium content by 2.5.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors expresses their sense of gratitude to Dr. A.K. Bansal, Ex-Professor and H.O.D., Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College ,Jagdalpur (Bastar) 494 001, India, for his expert guidance in preparing the manuscript

REFERENCES:

1. Siddhartha Mukherjee : TARGET,CANCER, Sunday Hindustan Times, New Delhi, November 27,2011 : pp-16

2. Govt.tweaks norms for cancer docs. Training: The Times of India, New Delhi, and January 4, 2012: pp-07

3. Garg Narendra K.: Evaluation of the impact of emesis and emesis plus purgation Therapy; Research J Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics (2) March-April; 2010:201-202.

4. Garg Narendra K and Sharma A.B.: Epidemiological profile of patients attending a tertiary care hospital, Muktsar, Punjab (India); Research J Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics:3 (6) November-December;2011:311-317

5. Dr. Rajesj Dikshit, Cancer tied to religion, region: The Times of India, New Delhi, March 30, 2012: pp-05

6. Dr. Kaustubh Patel, Oral Cancer goes viral: The Times of India, Raipur, November 28, 2012: pp-06

7. Big breast indicate cancer risk: Sunday Hindustan Times, New Delhi,July 08,2012; pp-15

8. Hugo Destaillats et al. Third hand smoking can cause cancer too: The Times of India, New Delhi, February 11, 2012: pp-16

9. Davis E Bloom and Elizabeth T Cafiero : Not in the pink of health, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, November 08,2012 :pp-10

10. Bansal A.K. and Garg Narendra K. Information, education and communication in context of reproductive and child health including HIV/AIDS; J. of Ravi Shanker University;Vol.-14 ;No. B (Science); 2001: pp-28-34.

11. WHO (1969) Press release of SEAR Org, 38, 495

12. Life – saver Diet to stop Cancer: Sunday Hindustan Times, New Delhi, December 11,2011; pp-16

13. Cut Salt to lower Cancer risk: Sunday Hindustan Times, New Delhi,July 29,2012; pp-17

Received on 11.01.2013

Modified on 20.01.2013

Accepted on 14.02.2013

Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 5(1): January –February 2013, 58-61